

Warga dunia maya beberapa hari terakhir diramaikan dengan adanya postingan yang menyebutkan bahwa bahasa Ngapak berasal dari Suku Kutai, Kalimantan Timur. Sontak, hal itu membuat banyak orang bertanya-tanya kebenaran akan hal itu. Lalu seperti apa sebenarnya sejarahnya?
Ditulis Oleh: Muhammad Sarip
Penerima Sertifikat Kompetensi Bidang Sejarah Kemdikbud
GEGARA beredar tulisan yang menyebut bahasa ngapak berasal dari Kutai, beberapa orang mengontak saya. Ada yang bilang bahwa link tulisan tersebut banyak beredar di grup WA. Sejumlah netijen juga membagikan link-nya di medsos.
Tulisan itu berjudul โAsale Bahasa Ngapak, Ternyata dari Suku Kutai di Kalimantan Timurโ. Penerbitnya adalah sebuah media siber dari Jawa Tengah yang bernama ๐๐ฐ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ด.๐ค๐ฐ๐ฎ. Tayang tanggal 1 Desember 2021. Kalau memang betul bahasa Jawa Banyumasan asalnya dari Kutai, ini jelas sejarah yang wow emejing.
Tapi beberapa orang minta bantuan saya untuk verifikasi. Benar enggak sih, orang Kutai yang nyebarin bahasa ๐ช๐ฏ๐บ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ช๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ฏ di Jateng? Jadi gini, manteman. Ayok kita sama-sama belajar ilmu sejarah.
Verifikasi dalam ilmu sejarah itu dikenal juga dengan istilah kritik sumber. Kritik sumber ini ada dua jenis. Ada yang namanya kritik ekstern dan ada kritik intern. Kritik ekstern itu memeriksa apakah sumbernya asli atau direkayasa alias palsu.ย Kalo kritik intern kaitannya dengan validitas subtansi atau akurasi konten sumber.
Sebelum uji fakta atau konten โsejarahnyaโ, kita mesti ngecek dulu keabsahan sumbernya. Kita mulai cek sumber info bahasa ngapak dari Kutai. Pihak publisher, ๐๐ฐ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ด.๐ค๐ฐ๐ฎ, di situs Dewan Pers terdaftar sebagai media terverifikasi administratif dan faktual. Oke lolos. Lanjut.
Penulis artikelnya bernama Chelin Indra Sushmita. Dia editor dan jurnalis di Solopos Group. Dia ngebranding diri sebagai pencinta kuliner, suka jalan-jalan, makan, ngopi, dan diskusi. Ga ada masalah, sih. Kita lanjut menyimak info yang ditulis Chelin. Begini dia tulis.
โ๐ฑ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ฐ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ด.๐ค๐ฐ๐ฎ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐ฐ๐ถ๐ต๐ถ๐ฃ๐ฆ ๐๐จ๐ข๐ฑ๐ข๐ฌ ๐บ๐ฆ๐ป๐ป ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ฆ๐ซ๐ข๐ณ๐ข๐ฉ ๐๐ข๐ฉ๐ข๐ด๐ข ๐๐จ๐ข๐ฑ๐ข๐ฌ ๐๐ข๐ฏ๐บ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ข๐ด๐ข๐ฏ, ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐ฑ๐๐๐๐๐๐, ๐ด. ๐ผ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐, ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐น๐๐ ๐ ๐ฑ๐๐๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐น๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ถ๐๐๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐๐๐. ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ข๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ผ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐บ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ผ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ถ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐.โ
Melacak Kebenaran dan Sumber Sejarahnya
Chelin atas nama ๐๐ฐ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ด.๐ค๐ฐ๐ฎ mengutip sumber dari sebuah kanal Youtube yang bernama Ngapak yezz. Saya buka Youtube dan mencari videonya yang berjudul โSejarah Bahasa Ngapak Banyumasanโ. Video ini diunggah tanggal 11 Juli 2019. Dari awal sampe akhir, visualnya cuma kompilasi foto.
Audio yang terdengar juga cuman suara robot Google. Enggak ada tayangan narsum ahli yang ngomong. Enggak ada juga info E. Muhlenbeck itu punya penelitian judulnya apa dan ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ฃ๐ญ๐ช๐ด๐ฉ di mana. Penyebutan nama E. Muhlenbeck itu pun keliru. Ilmuwan bahasa yang dimaksud sebenarnya adalah E.M. Uhlenbeck alias Eugenius Marius Uhlenbeck.
Masalahnya, sebagai video berlabel sejarah, produksi video yang amatir bet kekgini ga layak buat dijadikan referensi. Dari kritik ekstern sebenarnya sudah bisa terjawab kalo info bahasa ngapak dari Kaltim ternyata invalid.
Kritik intern enggak perlu lagi dilakuin. Verifikasi sudah kelar. Tapi, coba kita berandai-andai misalnya videonya dibikin oleh TV nasional secara profesional. Juga pakai tayangan wawancara narasumber ahli yang berkompeten.
Kontennya, warga suku Kutai membawa bahasa ngapak dan menetap di Jawa Tengah dengan mendirikan Kerajaan Galuh Purba. Lini masanya dibilang jauh sebelum Kerajaan Mataram Kuno. Ketika menyebut pencetus teorinya adalah E.M Uhlenbeck, maka ini termasuk perbuatan yang dinamai fabrikasi data.
Fabrikasi data adalah kegiatan merekayasa dan memanipulasi data. Simpelnya, kejahatan akademik dengan bikin data fiktif. Adanya penyebutan suku Kutai di masa sebelum Mataram Kuno juga bermasalah.
Terdapat Ketidaksesuaian Sejarah?
Menurut ilmuwan sejarah, Mataram Kuno eksis sekitar abad ke-8 Masehi. Sedangkan suku Kutai baru terbentuk entitasnya diawali berdirinya Kerajaan Kutai Kertanegara di Jaitan Layar pada akhir abad ke-13. Ingat, yang di Muara Kaman, dinasti Mulawarman pada abad ke-5, dari ketujuh prasasti yupa ga ada satu pun yang mengukir teks kata ๐๐ถ๐ต๐ข๐ช.
Dari sumber tertulis ๐๐ถ๐ณ๐ข๐ต ๐๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ด๐ช๐ญ๐ข๐ฉ ๐๐ข๐ซ๐ข ๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ฎ ๐๐ฆ๐จ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช ๐๐ถ๐ต๐ข๐ช ๐๐ฆ๐ณ๐ต๐ข๐ฏ๐ฆ๐จ๐ข๐ณ๐ข diketahui bahwa monarki Hindu tertua di Nusantara itu punya nama Martapura. Kajian etimologis nama Kerajaan Martapura ini diuraikan detail dalam artikel di jurnal ๐ ๐ถ๐ฑ๐ข vol. 4 no. 2 (2020). Link: jurnal.fkip.unmul.ac.id/index.php/yupa/article/view/264.
Dengan fakta ini, maka cerita suku Kutai eksis di Jawa sebelum abad ke-8 tergolong ahistoris dan anakronisme. Ahistoris maksudnya enggak sesuai dengan sejarah. Anakronisme artinya enggak cocok sama zamannya.
Jadi simpulannya, dialek ngapak di Jawa Tengah diklaim dibawa orang suku Kutai, setelah diverifikasi hasilnya sebagai berikut. ๐๐ฆ๐ณ๐ต๐ข๐ฎ๐ข, sumber audio visualnya enggak autentik. ๐๐ฆ๐ฅ๐ถ๐ข, konten tulisan dan videonya enggak akurat. Sementara cukup sekian pelajaran kita. (*)
Editor: Redaksi Akurasi.id
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